Building a new power system dominated by new energy is the fulcrum of a new round of energy transition and revolution and an important pathway to achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. By considering the uncertainty of wind and solar output and load fluctuations, a multi-stage robust planning method for the energy supply structure of distribution networks is proposed, incorporating the effect of carbon neutrality. First, the optimal investment capacity plan for equipment is formulated. Next, the operation plan of the distribution network is optimized under the consideration of uncertain factors, so as to minimize the daily operating cost of the distribution network. Finally, a case study of Hengqin in Zhuhai is conducted to analyze the power supply structure considering the effect of carbon neutrality, providing guidance for the development of a new power energy system for achieving carbon neutrality.